Proposed Research Program and Proposed Marketing Strategy for the new Cadbury Product - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1742 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Research paper Level High school Did you like this example? Proposed Research Program and Proposed Marketing Strategy for the new Cadbury Product. 1.0 Proposed Research Proposal. 1.1 Research Problem and Research Objective. Its research problem is to address the worry of Cadbury on the controversial issue that has caused consumers particularly the Muslims to lose trust in Cadbury products. Its research objective is to identify the consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s attitudes and opinions of the Cadburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s brand after the controversial issue. 1.2 Research Design This is a descriptive research, consists of quantitative and primary research. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Proposed Research Program and Proposed Marketing Strategy for the new Cadbury Product" essay for you Create order Survey will be conducted using thequestionnaire as their data collection tool. The type of questions used are open-ended questions. Example of questions will be: 1. Do you still trusted in Cadbury? YesNo 2. Do you still take Cadbury as one of your favourite chocolate? YesNo 3. Do you think Cadbury qualified to be certified with halal certificate? YesNo Do you ask your friends/family to take Cadbury? YesNo 1.3 Sampling Decision Sampling Unit The sampling unit will be Muslims, ages of 18 and above, which consists of both male and female gender. The samples will be selected on three different areas, which are Pahang, Kelantan and Terengganu. The reason why these areas are selected are due to high population of Muslims are staying there. (Department of Statistics, 2014) Sampling Size A sampling size of 125 is selected according to a research of attitudes toward depression among a sample of Muslim adolescents. (Haroun, 2011) Sampling Procedure Non-probability technique is selected as the sampling strategy. It will be conducted through convenience sampling by distributing questionnaires in public areas such as shopping malls and parks. A set of questionnaire will be distributed to the public based on convenience sampling technique. The samples that are selected are convenience and easily to be accessed. Since the objective of convenience sampling is easy to be a ccessed, the questionnaires will be distributed at the main entrance of the mall and car-park of the park. This will be easier by inviting Muslims that pass by to take part in the research. A total of 125 sets of questionnaires will be collected from the samples. (Fairfax County Department of Neighborhood and Community Services, 2012) 1.4 Scheduling and Budget ( convert to Gantt Chart) Completion Date/Task 1-Jun-15 10-Jun-15 20-Jun-15 10-Jul-15 25-Aug-15 1-Sep-15 Agreement of project direction, objectives and individual tasks/ inputs. Finalize and test questionnaire Administration of survey Data entry and analysis Report preparation Report submission The scheduling table consists of task that have to be done as well as the completion date. It takes three months to complete the research. The longest task will be data entry and analysis as all of the questionnaire have to be compiled and the information given will be inserted into the SPSS software for analysis purposes. Inserting the information one by one actually every time consuming. Activity Cost Budget (RM) Literature review Research assistant: [email  protected]/* *//hour 1200 Transportation cost RM300*3 900 Questionnaire development [email  protected]/* */ 1750 Data entry 40hours*RM30/hour 1200 Data analysis 40hours*RM30/hour 1200 Report preparation 8hour*RM70/hour 560 Total 6810 The budget shows the detail of price for activities that carry out throughout the research. The highest cost activity will be the questionnaire development process, which cost RM1750, which entitled 25% out of the total cost. 1.5 Data Analysis This research will use SPSS( refer to appendix 1) as the data analysis method. SPSS provide statistical analysis and reports, which help to read and analyse data from questionnaires. (John, 2014). It included regression analysis, correlation and analysis of variance that will explain about the relationship between controversial issue and the trust Muslim have in Cadbury products. 1.6 Controlling Method When the questionnaire is done, a pre-test program will be conducted to identify and eliminate the potential error and thus enhance the accuracy of the questionnaire. 2.0 Proposed Marketing Strategy for the new Cadbury product. 2.1 Background of a proposed product Movie nowadays are very demanding. All of the cinema only al lowed food that are sold at their snack counter to bring into cinema. Most of the time, customers want to buy some snacks to fill them up, but most of the bars only sell nuggets and popcorn, which is not what they wanted. At the same time, the prices of soft drinks and popcorns are too high, although their actual prices are relatively low. (Roger, 2011) So, Cadbury come out with a new chocolate products, Stretchy, which can satisfied the customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ needs, at the same time it can act as a complementary products of the movie. Stretchy is designed based on the latest movie, for example Stretchy comes in all types of minions design when the releasing of the Minions 3 movie. Other than that, the Stretchy is at an economical price, which is affordable for all of the consumers. 2.2 Target market profile (modify) The target market consists of everyone in all income level, especially those age groups of 5 years old and above. Its because the price of Stretchy is econom ical, so everyone are able to make the purchase. Stretchy specially targeted to children as it comes in different movie shapes, which will attract their attention. Customers can keep the chocolate as the complementary souvenir/ gift for a particular movie as well as the movie goers. 2.3 The positioning strategy Cadbury choose to position Stretchy at low price but made according to movie. The customers that are in all level of income are able to purchase Stretchy. It can act as the complementary products of a particular movie, instead of the key chain which is commonly used by others brands as their complementary products. The different between Stretchy and other Cadbury products is that Stretchy provide extra value and function to its customers, either as a chocolate, or as a complementary products, which is their unique selling proposition. 2.4 The marketing mix 2.4.1 Product Content and Ingredients The product contains high percentage of milk chocolate, toget her with some butter. The ingredients will be full cream milk, sugar, cocoa butter, cocoa mass, emulsifiers (Soy Lecithin, 476), and some flavours.(Cadbury Company, 2015) Brand name and Brand mark Its named stretchy as it was designed accordingly to the latest movie. The brand mark in this product is strong as it was designed specially for the new releasing movie. For example, customers are able to get the sport car shape of chocolates when the Fast and Furious 7 movie is released. Whenever there are new releasing of movie, the first thing that comes to customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ mind are; Stretchy will be available in new design soon. Packaging and labelling The chocolate is packaged in aluminium foil, accordingly to its own shape and size. The front part of the chocolate will be label with the movie name it was attached to and its own name, Stretchy, together with the halal certificate. Besides, it will also show the expired date. The back part of the chocolate will b e label with the quantity information as well as some reminder to keep them below room temperature.() 2.4.2 Price Price Determination As Cadbury choose to position its products at low price and design accordingly to movie, price is sensitive in this case. The price of Stretchy will be lower than most of the products sold at cinema snack counter, as well as lower than its main competitor, which is Mars chocolate. Cadbury is using cost-plus pricing practise, by using bese-cost figure per unit, and mark-up to cover the unassigned cost and to make profit. This practise will allow business with low cost to set prices lower than their competitors, but still profitable. Price Strategies Stretchy is using economy pricing strategy, while the cost of marketing and manufacture are kept at the minimum level. In fact, stretchy donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t need much advertising as cinema is a very demanding industry and there are always people to make their purchase at cinema snack count er. Most of the time, when customers see an odd-price, they will think that product is low-priced even though a $0.99 price ending may not be related to product being low-priced. (Schindler, 1996).Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s the psychological ways of pricing. Suggested retail price After considering the price of ingredients as well as the competitor products, Stretchy will be priced at RM1.99. The price of Stretchy is relatively low compared to its competitor, which priced RM3.00 and above, and ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s priced with an ending of RM0.99, which may confuse customers to assume Stretchy is low-priced. 2.4.3 Place Cadbury will be using indirect sales strategy by selling their products at the snack counter. Cadbury will collaborate with Golden Screen Cinema(GSC), which have a total of 32 cinemas in Malaysia. (Golden Screen Cinema, 2014) Besides, by implementing intensive distribution strategy, Stretchy will be available in a number of stores, for example, Toyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã ¢â€ž ¢Rà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Us, shopping malls, snacks and sweet stores and some fast food stores. By selling at many locations, Cadbury actually manage to create products awareness and customers will started to associate with commercials and print ads with products regularly seen in stores. 2.4.4 Promotion One of the promotion that Cadbury will carry out is through advertising. Cadbury can display their new product, Stretchy at the electronic board of GSC to inform the customers about the latest Stretchy design. Besides, by implementing sales promotion of putting Stretchy into GSC combo set, this will actually raise the demand of the customers because customer get the chance to get a cheaper Stretchy. If customers were to purchase Stretchy together with Cadbury others products, customers will be entitled with some discounts, of up to 20%. Direct marketing through Cadbury website as well as GSC main website is also one of the marketing tool. This will help to keep update the cust omers the latest Stretchy design, and their seasonal promotions. Appendix Appendix 1 References Department of Statistics, Malaysia (2014) Population and Housing Census of Malaysia,Report on Characteristic of Household 2010,29 January, p.1-12. Haroun, Z (2011)Attitudes towards depression among a sample of Muslim adolescents in the Midwestern United States, Chicago: The University of Chicago. Fairfax County Department of Neighborhood and Community Services (2012)Economic, Demographic and Statistical Research, Virginia: A Fairfax Country Publication. Roger, E. (2011) Ià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ll tell you why movie revenue is dropping. [Online] December 28th 2011. Available from: https://www.rogerebert.com/rogers-journal/ill-tell-you-why-movie-revenue-is-dropping. [Accessed: 13th June 2015] John, F. (2014)Journeys in Survey Research.[Online]. Available from: https://surveyresearch.weebly.com/what-is-spss.html(Accessed: 12th June 2015). Cadbury Company. (2015)Cadb ury Milk Chocolate Ingredients. [Online].Available from: https://www.cadbury.com.au/Products/Blocks-of-Chocolate/Cadbury-Milk-Chocolate-Block/Cadbury-Milk-Chocolate-Ingredients.aspx.[Accessed: 15th June 2015]. Schindler. (1991). Symbolic meanings of a price ending. Advances in Consumer Research. p. 794à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"801. Golden Screen Cinema. (2014)Film Exhibition.[Online].Available from: https://www.gsc.com.my/html/default.aspx?GPID=7ID=67PID=69[Accessed: 18th June 2015].

The Bible And The Slavery - 1568 Words

The bible has been used to argue for support and the abolishment of slavery. The first mention of slaves in the bible is in Exodus talking about the Israelite enslaved by the Egyptians. â€Å"So they put slave masters over them to oppress them with forced labor† (Exodus 1:11). However, God delivered the Israelites out of slavery from the Egyptians. That should have been enough evidence that God does not accept slavery by anyone. The way that slavery is spoken about in the bible makes it seem that the bible approves of slavery, when read in the literal meaning. Slavery was practiced all throughout the world, Noah cursed Canaan the son of Ham â€Å"Cursed be Canaan! The lowest of slaves will he be to his brothers. Praise be to the Lord, the God of Shem! May Canaan be the slave of Shem. May God extend Japheth’s territory; may Japheth live in the tents of Shem, and may Canaan be the slave of Japheth† (Genesis 9:25-27). The Africans were thought to be descendants of Canaan and were supposed to be â€Å"servants of servants† (Morrison, 1980). In Larry R. Morrison’s article it stated â€Å"Jews would be exterminated as a nation and dispersed over the earth, but would be restored. However, nowhere in the Bible was there a prophecy which removed the curse of slavery from the descendants of Ham and Canaan† (Morrison, 1980). Evangelical scholars from the slave holding souther n United Stated who were against the release of slaves came up with a comprehensive and well-known â€Å"biblical theology†Show MoreRelatedThe Slavery Of The Bible1371 Words   |  6 Pagesthemselves in a manner that the Bible would condone. Yet the Bible is left largely to personal interpretation, so the way people conducted themselves was varied person to person. 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Slavery was a practiceRead MoreWilliam Patton, An Abolitionist And Reverend937 Words   |  4 Pagesreverend, had a two-fold argument against the idea of Christianity supporting slavery which he laid out in his 1846 book â€Å"Slavery, the Bible, Infidelity†. His first argument, was that God could never support because, in simple terms, â€Å"God is just, and that slaveholding is unjust† (Patton, 6). Supporting this idea, Patton quotes Thomas Jefferson in saying in response of proslavery rhetoric, that â€Å"If your interpretation of the Bible be correct,it cannot be the word of God—for it gives him a character theRead MoreSlavery Is Not Legal Now939 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery Slavery, according to Merriam Webster means â€Å"the practice of owning slaves†. ïÆ'ŸïÆ'ŸïÆ'Ÿ This means owning people against their will and not paying them. Slavery has been around since 1916, when the first settlers of Jamestown brought with them their slaves. 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Slaves were held at their slaveholder’s mercy, beaten, whipped, and killed for being disobedient or performing in an unsatisfactory manner. The treatment of Douglass and fellow slaves shows what the grim

Relations Political Economy Factors Australia-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Relations Political Economy Factors Australia? Answer: Introducation The Australian political system has policies such as visas (Collins, 2013, pp. 160). Migrants interested in business are issued short term visas for either single entry or for multiple entries and those interested in temporary business issued with long term visas allowing highly skilled personnel to come to Australia to work for an approved employer for up to four years. The tax system imposed on the migrant's wage is to avoid management or underpayment. Economic system The free market and free trade have opened new job opportunities to migrant workers. Moreover, an increase or decrease of the Australian securities exchange will influence the entering of migrant workers. The economy and stock market affect the success of different companies, and this achievement or failure flows down the business chain and affects its employees who could be transnational migrant workers. It also can affect whether people are hired or not due to the company's power to do so with their profits. Legal System Both the Statutory Law and Common Law may differ in each country; the employment rate of high skilled migrant workers will be affected by the acceptance of projects in the country depending on the approval of the legal system. Informal economy Corruption within the industry is less according to the Corruption Perceptions Index determined by expert assessments and opinion surveys. However, influence People working side jobs on top of their primary or actual job and enter legal firms by bribing the board members or owners. Cultural aspects Looking at Australias cultural aspects, Australia is a great country to migrate to with a lot of Business considering the following factors. First, the political benefits and limitations which facilitates the power distance has a low score in Australia and proves that communication between managers and employees at their workplace is convenient and reduces the chances of a fight for political power (Bernadette and sanders, 2013, pp. 610).Respect for traditions as shown by the long time orientation ensures that Australians and practicing good politics. The optimism proved from indulgence score in Australia shows that the people have no hesitance to practicing democracy. Individualism in Australia prompts people to be self-motivated and rank themselves according to their achievements. Second, the factors associated with the economic advantages and disadvantages. A small power distance reduces the probability of being unemployed in the long term (Gregory, 2014, pp.328). Long time orientation score ensures that the Australian economy grows. On the other hand, a high score in indulgence may reduce the level of saving in the economy as people spend without hesitation. Corruption is at minimal in Australia in the employment industry as hiring and promotion of workers is done based on qualifications and work done by individualism. Third, lifestyle advantage and disadvantages which facilitates the low score of power distance since the Australians foster well developed formal and informal communication that adds friendliness in their day to day life (Fiske, 2016, pp.34). However, Long term orientation as scored proves that Australians do not worry about events that are yet to happen therefore showing little preparedness. Indulgence score is high in Australia showing that the people are optimistic about life and have learned to have fun without hesitance. As a result of the high score of individualism, Australians are encouraged to take care of themselves and their immediate family in the society. References Fiske, J., Hodge, B. and Turner, G., 2016. Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture. operations. Collins, J., 2013. Rethinking Australian immigration and immigrant settlement policy. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 34(2), pp.160-177. Gregory, R., 2014. The two-step Australian immigration policy and its impact on immigrant employment outcomes. marketing Download This Paper.-328. Bernadette van Rijn, M., Yang, H. and Sanders, K., 2013. Understanding employees' informal workplace learning: The joint influence of career motivation and self-construal. Career development international, 18(6), pp.610-628.

Starving the HungaryThough most Americans are awar Essay Example For Students

Starving the HungaryThough most Americans are awar Essay e of the Great Depression of 1929, which may well be the most serious problem facing our free enterprise economic system, few know of the many Americans who lost their homes, life savings and jobs. This paper briefly states the causes of the depression and summarizes the vast problems Americans faced during the eleven years of its span. This paper primarily focuses on what life was like for farmers during the time of the Depression, as portrayed in John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath, and tells what the government did to end the Depression. In the 1920s, after World War 1, danger signals were apparent that a great Depression was coming. A major cause of the Depression was that the pay of workers did not increase at all. Because of this, they couldnt afford manufactured goods. We will write a custom essay on Starving the HungaryThough most Americans are awar specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now While the factories were still manufacturing goods, Americans werent able to afford them and the factories made no money (Drewry and Oconnor 559). Another major cause related to farmers. Farmers werent doing to well because they were producing more crops and farm products than could be sold at high prices. Therefore, they made a very small profit. This insufficient profit wouldnt allow the farmers to purchase new machinery and because of this they couldnt produce goods quick enough (Drewry and Oconnor 559). A new plan was created called the installment plan. This plan was established because many Americans didnt have enough money to buy goods and services that were needed or wanted. The installment plan stated that people could buy products on credit and make monthly payments. The one major problem with this idea was that people soon found out that they couldnt afford to make the monthly payment(Drewry and Oconnor 559). In 1929 the stock market crashed. Many Americans purchased stocks because they were certain of the economy. People started selling their stocks at a fast pace; over sixteen million stocks were sold! Numerous stock prices dropped to fraction of their value. Banks lost money from the stock market and from Americans who couldnt pay back loans. Many factories lost money and went out of business because of this great tragedy (Drewry and Oconnor 352). By the 1930s, thirteen million workers lost their jobs which is 25 percent of all workers. The blacks and unskilled workers were always the first to be fired. Farmers had no money and werent capable of paying their mortgages. Americans traveled throughout the country looking for a place to work to support themselves and their family (Drewry and Oconnor 560-561). John Steinbeck, born in 1902, grew up during the Depression near the fertile Salinas Valley and wrote many books of fiction based on his background and experiences during that time and area of the country. One of his great works would be the Grapes of Wrath. In this book, Steinbeck describes the farmers plight during the Great Depression and drought. When the rains failed to come, the grass began to disappear. As the farmers watched their plants turn brown and the dirt slowly turn to dust they began to fear what was to come. In the water-cut gullies the earth dusted down in dry little streams. As the sharp su! n struck day after day, the leaves of the young corn became less stiff and erect. Then it was June and the sun shone more fiercely. The brown lines on the corn leaves widened and moved in on the central ribs. The weeds frayed and edged back toward their roots. The air was thin and the sky more pale; and every day the earth paled. (4). The farmers worst fears were realized when their corn and other crops began to die. The dust became so bad they had to cover their mouths with handkerchiefs so they could breath (5). .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f , .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f .postImageUrl , .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f , .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f:hover , .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f:visited , .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f:active { border:0!important; } .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f:active , .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Eaters Of The Dead Essay When the drought hit the Great Plains and the soil turned to dust, many farmers moved to California because they could no longer farm their land(Drewry and Oconnor 561). The drought began to affect other parts of the country. In 1930, Missouris belt of fertile land dried up. Ponds, streams, and springs all dried up and the great Mississippi River water level sank lower than ever recorded. Small farmers every-where began to feel the drought. Their smal! l gardens were ruined and their corn crop was cut almost down to nothing. The hay and grass needed to feed their livestock was no longer available. They now faced a major problem -how to feed their livestock. The silos were rapidly emptying and the barns in many cases were empty. The farmers were terrified that the government feed loans wouldnt be available to keep the livestock from dying. In many cases, the Red Cross was making allowances for feed to keep alive livestock (Meltzer 121). The small farmers of fruit trees and vegetable plants depended on others who ran canneries to bottle and can their produce. The people they depended upon were the same people that hired scientists to experiment on the fruits and vegetables to come up with better tasting and yielding produce. Thus the small farmers were dependent on these same rich landowners for almost everything. They couldnt harvest their produce on their own so they sold it to the rich landowners and thus made very ! little money on their produce. The farmers found themselves in debt caused by the purchase of land, tools, animals and other items bought on credit. This credit was due to the bank and when the farmers found them- selves unable to repay the debts the bank took away everything they had their land, homes, animals and equipment. When the banks took over, they went in with tractors and destroyed everything on the farms which included their homes and barns. This is best portrayed in Steinbecks description of how the tractors destroyed everything in its way. The iron guard bit into the house corner, crumbled the wall, and wrenched the little house from its foundation, crushed like a bug (50). In the little houses the tenant people sifted their belongings and the belongings of their father and of their grandfathers (111). This describes how after many generations of farming on their land these people had to gather their property and memories and then try to sell whatever they could. The farmers were so desperate for money that they had to sell for literally pennies. Steinbeck describes the desperate conversation of a farmer to a persepective buyer Well, take it-all junk-and give me five dollars. Youre not buying only junk, youre buying junked lives (112). The desperation for work and money became so bad that they were willing to work for as little as was offered just so they could have some sort of job and make any amount of money. Soon it was a fight for life or death (Steinbeck). In a desperate search for a job farmers moved themselves and their families all over the country. As people wandered the country looking for work they were unable to live in one place. Large numbers of homeless people led to Hoovervilles. The farmers and their families had to build homes out of anything that they could acquire as Steinbeck describes The south wall was made of three sheets of rusy corrugated iron, the east a square of moldy carpet tacked between two board, the north wall a strip of roofing paper and a strip of tattered canvas, and the west wall six pieces of gunny sacking(310-311). The homes were usually near water source so they could have water to drink from, cook and wash their clothing (311). .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e , .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e .postImageUrl , .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e , .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e:hover , .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e:visited , .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e:active { border:0!important; } .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e:active , .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Moral Implications of The Pardoners Tale an Essay To cut down the number of people seeking jobs or needing help, the government decided to try to come up with some sort of relief. Among other things, they limited immigration, returned hundreds of Mexicans living here,and sought other methods to help the farmers. Hoovers Federal Farm Board urged farmers to plant less so that prices would go up but there was no encouragement to do so. From 1920 to 1932 farm production did drop 6 percent but prices fell ten times as much-by 63 percent. Farmers watched prices hit new lows-15 cents for corn, 5 cents for cotton and wool, hogs and sugar 3 cents, and beef 2.5 cents(Meltzer 123). With farm prices so low, most farmers, living under the fear of their mortgages, knew that sooner or later they will lose everything. In 1932 the farmers declared a holiday on selling. They picketed roads asking people to join the. They gave away free milk to the poor and unemployed rather then let it spoil because they refused to sell it. A thirty-d! ay holiday on farm selling was begun August 8 and extended indefinitely(Meltzer 125). In December 1932, 250 farmers from twenty-six states gathered together for a Farmers National Relief Conference. They announced that they demand relief from creditors who threaten to sweep them from their homes and land(Meltzer 126). In May 1933, the Agricultural Ajustment Act was passed. The aim of this act was to raise the farm prices by growing less. The farmers were paid not to use all the land to plant crops. The money came from tax on millers, meat packers, and other food industries. In June of that same year the Farm Credit Act was passed. This act helped farmers get low interest loans. With this act, farmers wouldnt lose their farms to the banks that held the mortgages. The farmers who lost their farms already would also receive low interest loans(Drewry and Oconnor 569). The Great Depression was the end result of World War I. It affected the rich and poor alike, factory workers and farmers, bankers and stockbrokers. In short, it affected everyone; no one was left untouched. But of all the people hurt, farmers were the worst off. John Steinbeck chose to write about farmers hoping that Americans would recognize their plight and correct the situation. The Great Depression is known to be the worst economic disaster in U. S. history. For this reason, the Depression caused many people to change their ideas about the government and economy. Work Cited Drewry, Robert and A. J. OConnor. The Indigenous Role in Business Enterprise. New Guinea: New Guinea Reasearch Unit, 1970. Leonard, Stephen J. Trials and Triumphs: A Colorado Portrait of the Great Depression, With FSA Photographs. Colorado: University Pres of Colorado, 1993. Meltzer, Allen. The Economics of price and wage controls. New York: USA American Elsevier Pub. Co., 1976. Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Penguin, 1986

ADD †Attention Deficit Disorder

ADD – Attention Deficit Disorder Free Online Research Papers When I surveyed the class and asked the question, do you know anyone with a learning disability or not; ten of you said yes, and six said no. What you probably don’t know is that a lot of your friends most likely have a learning disability, you just don’t see it. I’m going to share with the class a true story from my past that I have never shared with anyone. It all started when I was diagnosed in the fifth grade. My teacher asked my mother to come to school because she needed to talk to her about how I was doing in my studies. Her exact words were, â€Å"Mrs. Jersey, I think you should know that your daughter is slow.† But I’m making it a point, to let the class know that I am, by no means, slow. But there was something wrong; my parents just didn’t pick up on it yet. Needless to say that a certain teacher was reprimanded for her actions that day and that I was tested for a learning disability within that same week. SLIDE 4- Congratulations you have attention deficit. Can you imagine being nine years old and being told that you have a disability? I didn’t feel like any of the other kids, not to mention I was failing every subject that was I taking. Until I was put on medication, even though it was a very small dose, it did the trick. Adderall; it changed my life. Within a week of taking my new prescription, my teachers noticed a drastic change in my performance in class. SLIDE 5- But I was dealing with other issues because of this medication, the dark side of it, the possible side effects that I wasn’t told about, until after I had them. The side effects that I experience were horrible, I was losing weight because I lost my appetite, I was constantly having severe migraines, I was always dizzy, and I couldn’t fall asleep if you paid me to. Why put any child through such an ordeal? I could stop taking the meds at anytime if I wanted to, but I didn’t. I finally felt normal for the first time, and I actually started to fit in with the other kids. Those side effects were a small price to pay when you consider what I was gaining in the end. Those were just my side effects, but there are many other ones, and there are a few that can be harmful to your health. ADD medicine can cause severe heart and liver problems; to this day I have to get blood work done each year to make sure that my liver is still in good condition. But no matter th e cost, it’s all worth it. SLIDE 6- There are tons of people out there who don’t agree with medicating a children. In doing extra research for my speech I found many websites who are trying to abolish the use of typical ADD/ ADHD medications. They are suggesting as an alternative, to try herbal medications, and other â€Å"steps† to deal with your child’s disability, that doesn’t involve any medication at all. One website, created an herbal drug called â€Å"mind soothe† that actually contains some drugs such as St. John’s Wart. I found this amusing because there are some drugs that I am forbidden to take, because they will have a bad chemical reaction with my attention deficit medications, and the outcome of that combination can result in life altering illnesses or even death. Want to know what the #1 drug that I am not permitted it take is? St. John’s Wart. But enough about all the medical information about this disability, now I’m going to tell you what life is like in my shoes. Many people don’t believe that ADD is the real deal. Hopefully you will understand what people who have a disability just like mine, go through every day. SLIDE 7- So what is it like to have ADD? Some people say the so-called syndrome doesnt even exist, but believe me, it does. Many metaphors come to mind to describe it. Its like driving in the rain with bad windshield wipers. Everything is blurred and youre speeding along, and its really frustrating not being able to see very well. Or, its like listening to a radio station with a lot of static and you have to strain to hear whats going on. Or, its like trying to build a house of cards in a dust storm. You have to build a something to protect yourself from the wind before you can even start on the cards. In other words its like being super-charged all the time. You get one idea and you have to act on it, and then, out of nowhere, youve got another idea before youve finished up with the first one, and so you go for that one, and pretty soon people are calling you disorganized and impulsive and all sorts of things that miss the point completely. Because you truly are trying really hard. Its just that you have all these invisible things pulling you this way, and it makes it really hard to stay on task. But there is a positive side to all this. Usually the positive doesnt get mentioned when people speak about ADD because people tend to focus on what goes wrong, or at least on what has to be somehow controlled. But often once the ADD has been diagnosed, and the child or the adult, with the help of teachers and parents or doctors and friends have learned how to cope with it, an untapped part of the brain comes into view. Suddenly the radio station is tuned in, the windshield is clear, and the sand storm has died down. And the child or adult, who had been such a problem, such a general pain in the neck to himself and everybody else, that person starts doing things hed never been able to do before. SLIDE 8- In places where most of us are blind, they can, if not see the light, at least feel the light, and they can produce answers apparently out of the dark. It is important for others to be sensitive to this sixth sense many ADD people have, and to encourage it. If the environment insists on rational thinking and good behavior from these people all the time, then they may never develop their creative side that makes them so unique. It can be tiresome to listen to people talk. They can sound so vague or as if they’re rambling on. But if you take them seriously and bear along with them, often you will find they are on the verge of startling conclusions or surprising solutions. Let me leave you by telling you that we need your help and understanding. We may make mess-piles wherever we go, but with your help, those mess-piles can be turned into a world of reason and art. So, if you know someone like me whos acting up occasionally and daydreaming and forgetting this or that and just not getting with the program, consider ADD before he or she starts believing all the bad things people are saying about them. The main point of this speech is that there is a more complex side to ADD than just a list of symptoms. ADD is a way of life, and until recently it has been hidden, even from those who have it. It is a way of living. Before the syndrome is diagnosed that way of living may be filled with pain and misunderstanding. After the diagnosis is made, one often finds new possibilities and the chance for real change. Research Papers on ADD - Attention Deficit DisorderTrailblazing by Eric AndersonStandardized TestingLifes What IfsBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenCapital PunishmentHip-Hop is ArtThe Spring and AutumnThe Hockey Game

Definition of Petitioner in Immigration Law

Definition of Petitioner in Immigration Law In U.S. immigration law, a petitioner is someone who submits a request on behalf of a foreign national to U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services  (USCIS), which, upon approval, allows the foreign national to submit an official visa application. The petitioner must be either an immediate relative (a U.S. citizen or legal permanent resident) or a prospective employer. The foreign national on behalf of whom the initial request is submitted is known as the beneficiary. For example, a man, a U.S. citizen, has submitted a petition to USCIS to allow his German wife to come to the United States to live permanently. In the application, the husband is listed as the petitioner and his wife is listed as the beneficiary. Key Takeaways: Immigration Petitioner A petitioner is someone who submits a request on behalf of a foreign national who wishes to immigrate to the United States. The foreign national is known as the beneficiary. Petitions for foreign relatives are made using Form I-130, and petitions for foreign workers are made using Form I-140. Because of green card quotas, petition processing can take anywhere from several months to several years. Petition Forms In U.S. immigration law, there are two forms used by USCIS for petitioners to submit on behalf of foreign nationals. If the petitioner is a relative of the foreign national, Form I-130, Petition for Alien Relative needs to be completed. This form asks for information used to establish the relationship between the petitioner and the beneficiary, including information about the petitioners parents, spouse(s), place of birth, current address, employment history, and more. If the petitioner is submitting a petition on behalf of a spouse, Form I-130A, Supplemental Information for Spouse Beneficiary must be filled out. If the petitioner is a prospective employer of the foreign national, they should complete Form I-140, Immigrant Petition for Alien Workers. This form asks for information about the beneficiarys skills, last arrival in the United States, place of birth, current address, and more. It also asks for information about the petitioners business and the beneficiarys proposed employment. Once one of these forms has been completed, the petitioner should mail it to the appropriate address (there are separate filing instructions for Form I-130 and Form I-140). To complete this process, the petitioner must also submit a filing fee (as of 2018, the fee is $535 for Form I-130 and $700 for Form I-140). Approval Process Once a petitioner has submitted a request, the document is a reviewed by a USCIS official known as an adjudicator. Forms are reviewed on a first-come, first served basis and can take anywhere from several months to several years to process. Because of U.S. quotas on the number of green cards that can be granted each year, Form I-130 processing times vary based on the relationship between the petitioner and the beneficiary. Some immediate relatives, for example- including spouses, parents, and children under 21- are given preference over siblings and adult children. Processing times for the latter can last as long as 10 years. Once a petition is approved, the qualifying foreign national may apply for permanent residency status by submitting Form I-485. This document asks for information about the place of birth, current address, recent immigration history, criminal history, and more. Immigrants who are already in the United States may apply for adjustment of status, while those outside the United States may apply for a green card through the U.S. embassy. If a foreign national is applying for an employment-based visa, they must complete the labor certification process, which is done through the Department of Labor. Once this is complete, the foreign national may apply for a visa. Additional Information About 50,000 visas are available each year through the Green Card Lottery. The lottery has certain entry requirements; for example, applicants must live in a qualifying country, and they must have at least a high school education or two years of work experience. Once a foreign national has been approved and becomes a lawful permanent resident, they have certain rights. These include the right to live and work anywhere in the United States and the guarantee of equal protection under United States law. Lawful permanent residents also have certain responsibilities, including the requirement to report their income to the IRS. Male lawful permanent residents between the ages of 18 and 25 must also register for the Selective Service.

Managing Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Managing Markets - Essay Example One of the top ten leading financial investing companies in the world is the Barclays Banks and their investors. It is financial institutional investor company and a large liaison which can be traced back to a self-effacing business founded more than three hundred years ago in the heart of London’s financial region. It is a UK-based financial services group connected principally in banking, investment banking and investment organization. In terms of market capitalization Barclays is one of the top ten leading banks in the globe. A primary UK retail and industry bank, it also offers corresponding global services to international corporations and financial institutions globally. It has been engaged in banking for over years and functions in over sixty countries with more than 76,200 employees. On June 30, 2004, the group attained a pre-tax profit of 2,411 million pounds. Investors’ funds were 17.1 billion pounds and the Tier 1 assets relative amount was 7.7 % (Barclays Global Investors, 2004). It is also engrossed in societal educational associations, situation, arts, disability and social insertion. Nowadays, Barclays has full-grown from a group of English companies to a global bank symbolized in Europe, Middle East , United States of America, Africa, the Caribbean, Latin America, Asia, and Australasia. Barclays Bank is one of the world’s biggest asset managers and a top global provider of investment organization products and services (Barclays Global Investors, 2004). It provides structured investment methods such as indexing which is regard as to be submissive and yet is being covenant with vigorous investors, strategic asset distribution and risk-controlled active products. It also offers connected investment services such as cash management, securities lending and portfolio conversion services. Moreover, Barclays Banks is the product and service leader in Exchange Traded Funds (ishares), with over 100 funds for financial

Effective support for information users Coursework

Effective support for information users - Coursework Example Over the years, effective strategies have been devised by researchers to provide the end-users with efficient resolutions to their problems. Some of the strategies have been discussed below: Physical Aspects Technology Used for Help Desk The foremost consideration that needs to be made to improve the help desk service is to analyze the type of technology that has been adopted in the respective department. Hoffman (1996) stated that the technology should not be too advanced or complicated for the personnel; the technology should facilitate their operations to become efficient, rather than complex. Complicated operations might prove to increase the service time for every customer. Ergonomics The ergonomics, i.e. layout of a help desk center also plays an important role in its effectiveness and management. Bayan (2003) explained that the layout and design should be able to facilitate team work; the employees should be able to communicate with each other in case of any query since every employee possesses his own areas of expertise. An employee might need help in resolving an issue in an unfamiliar area of expertise. Although, the distance between the help desk representatives’ workstations should not be so less that they are not able to hear their clients clearly. Working Environment The representatives need to be provided with a comfortable and healthy environment. If the help desk resources are not satisfied with their working conditions then they will not be able to communicate with the clients in a positive manner. Appropriate chairs and headsets should be provided to the representatives to help them offer a commendable service to the clients. Management Aspects Defined Goals The management should identify their goals and then communicate them at all levels of the help desk employees. Bayan (2004) pointed out that the presence of defined goals enables the management to direct the employees towards certain goals and conduct employee trainings in an accor ding manner. Performance management can also be performed with respect to the defined goals and expectations. Understand the Customer with a Positive Attitude Bayan (2004) quoted statements of a CEO of a company, who stated that the help desk representatives should be able to understand their clients and their respective environments. The issue might be very trivial or very complex; in both cases, the representative should listen to the customer carefully and understand that he is experiencing distress due to the matter. The attitude of the representative should be comforting and helpful so that the customer also cooperates in answering the questions. The representatives should be trained to convince the clients that they are on the clients’ side and everything shall be done in their power to resolve the matter. Suitable Performance Measures Bayan (2004) provided an interesting categorization of different types of help desk representatives; the comprehension of the categoriza tion is relevant so that appropriate attributes can be chosen to analyze the performance of each type of employee. Knowledge workers are representatives who have extensive knowledge about the products and prove to be very effective at resolving complex problems. Process workers are repre

Enzyme catalysis lab Essay Example for Free

Enzyme catalysis lab Essay Enzyme catalysis was observed in order to analyze how changes in temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, and substrate concentration affected an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. This experiment analyzed the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions and observed the correlation between catalase activity and products formed. It was found out that the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction starts off rapidly, decreases, and levels off or completely stops, and can be further affected by environmental factors, which play a crucial role in regulating enzymes and metabolic processes. Based on this experiment and the data collected one is able to conclude that the optimal environment in which this specific catalase is able to function is around 40 °C and in a pH around 7. This type of environment allows the enzyme to function at its fullest potential and produce the maximum amount of product allotted by the implemented amount of substrate present without the hindrance of environmental factors. Introduction Background: Enzymes, most of which are proteins, have two interrelated roles. One is to act as catalysts and accelerate spontaneous biochemical reactions so they occur with sufficient rates at moderate temperatures. The other is to determine which spontaneous biochemical reactions will be accelerated out of many more possibilities present in the cell. Balance between all the reactions in metabolism is achieved in several ways, by fluctuations in substrate concentrations, by local differences in pH, by changes in enzyme concentration, and by changes in enzyme activation Purpose: Enzyme activity is influenced by many factors; both temperature and pH at which enzymes functions are extremely important. Most organisms have a preferred temperature and pH range in which they survive, and their enzymes usually function best within very narrow temperature and pH ranges. If the environment of the enzyme is too acidic, basic, or hot, the activity of the enzyme may be altered due to a change in the three-dimensional shape of the enzyme. Denaturation, the unraveling or structural changes of an enzyme, may be temporary or permanent depending on the degree of the environmental change. In either case, a denatured enzyme no longer has the shape necessary to interact with the substrate effectively to lower the activation energy. Hypotheses: 1. The hypothesis is as the temperature increases, above 40 ° C, the activity of the enzyme catalyst will increase. 2. The hypothesis for the enzyme activity with the effect of the pH is if the pH is not at the optimum pH value there will be a complete loss of enzyme activity. 3. The hypothesis is as the change in enzyme concentration increases the activity rate of the enzyme will increase if there is a proportional amount of enzyme concentration and substrate. 4. The hypothesis is as the substrate concentration has an increase so will the reaction of velocity if the amount of enzyme is kept constant. Materials: Materials can be found on page 65 in the Bio 110 lab manual. Procedures are found on pages 65 to 68 in the Bio 110 lab manual. Discussion A. In table 5.1, the data that was collected was calibrating the colorimeter. The results should have been 0.000 or 0.001 no matter how long the machine was ran for. B. In table and graph 5.2, the data collected was in a time frame of 0-5minuites and was recorded every 30 seconds. In the cuvette was distilled water and substrate mix. The data collected showed that the longer the experiment ran for the higher the absorbency rate. C. In table and graph 5.4, the data that was collected was for three different amounts of enzymes:  ½x enzyme, 1x enzyme, and 2x enzyme. The hypothesis for this experiment was the more enzyme the faster the absorbance. With the results from the test the hypothesis is true. The 1/2x enzyme was absorbed less and a lot slower then the 2x enzyme. D. In table and graph 5.6, the data collected was the effect of the amount of substrate effects on the absorbency. The data was collected every 6 seconds for 60 seconds. With  ½x substrate the absorbance was the slowest. At 1x substrate the absorbance was the fast, and at 2x substrate the absorbance was in the middle. E. In table and graph 5.8, the data collected was to see how the effects of temperature played an effect on the absorbency. Ice water (4 °c) the absorbance rate was very slow. Room temperature (22 °c) was the normal rate of absorbance. Body temperature (37 °c) had the highest absorbance rate, and boiling water (100 °c) the protein was denatured giving no results. F. In table and graph 5.10, the data collected was to see how the effect of pH affects the absorbance. With the pH2 no reaction happened because pH2 is not a good match, pH7 had the highest absorbance. Ph10 was denatured, pH5 was absorbed but slowly and, pH8 was also absorbed but was absorbed the slowest. G. In table and graph 5.12 we added an inhibitor to see what the effects would be. With the inhibitor added the absorbance rate slow but did increase. Literature Cited Vital Health, Inc. Introduces a Digestive Enzyme for Children, MyZymes. SFGate. N.p., 23 Oct. 2012. Web. 19 Nov. 2012. http://www.sfgate.com/business/prweb/article/Vital-Health-Inc-Introduces-a-Digestive-Enzyme-3973438.php. Kilbourne, Jennifer, and Laurie Montgomery. Laboratory Investigations for Bio 1110. Second ed. Dubuque: Kendall Hunt, 2011. Print. Relevance Digestive Enzyme for Children Vital Health Inc. has introduced a new vitamin called MyZymes, a chewable digestive enzyme for children. This helps the body gain nutrients from food and plays an essential role in facilitating absorption. They are a highly effective digestive enzyme product because it contains a higher activity level of protease, amylase, lipase, cellulose and also includes six other enzymes. The higher activity levels assists in digesting more proteins, fats, carbohydrates and fiber. Enzymes are one of the most essential elements in our body. Enzymes are energized protein molecules found in all living cells. They catalyze and regulate all biochemical reactions that occur within our body. Enzymes also play a part in digestion. They break down proteins, fats, carbohydrates and fiber making it possible to utilize the nutrients found in those foods while removing the toxins. Digestive enzyme supplements help you digest your meals more efficiently and deliver the nutrients from your food to your body. The supplemental digestive enzymes will break down food, thus saving the body from having to release as many of its own enzymes. This allows the body to devote its attention to supplying more metabolic enzymes so the organs and tissues can carry on their daily work. Enzyme supplements are clinically proven to reduce the effects of bloating, gas, occasional heartburn and occasional acid reflux.

Movie: The Last Supper Essay -- Last Supper Film Movie Movies Essays

Movie: The Last Supper   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Last Supper, by Dan Rosen, supposedly dares to take on deep subjects in a vein of sarcastic humor. But, what it says is that liberals, because of their belief, have the right to pass death sentences on opponents. The story was amusing at times and there was some comedy in the film, but it didn't really go anywhere. The most famous actor in the film was Mark Harmon, and they showed him for about one minute, before he got killed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The movie takes place in Ames, Iowa. The film is about five liberal graduate students living together, (three males and two females) that enjoy inviting different guest over every Sunday for dinner. The students indulge their sense of superiority by inviting those that they regard as being less enlightened. They enjoy having different types of discussions dealing with all different types of topics. Their first guest that we see, ends up being a trucker who gives one of the five students a lift home because his car broke down. They invite the trucker in to eat, because they had an extra seat at the table and their originally invited guest could not make it for dinner. The trucker ends up being an anti-Semite and he is also an ex-marine. Immediately after the trucker sits down at the table to eat he starts pointing out to the five students that he hates Jews and that they always try to bargain down anything that they buy. All five of the students are stunned by the remarks that the trucker is making, especially one of the students that is Jewish. They all get into a heated argument and the trucker goes out of control; in addition, he grabs the Jewish student and puts a knife to his throat. They are all shocked by this and they immediately attempt to calm the trucker down. He releases the Jewish student and then breaks an arm of another student who was trying to free the Jewish student. The Jewish student picks up a butcher's knife and stabs the trucker in the back, which eventually kills the trucker. At this point the movie picks up a little. They all begin to contemplate about what to do with the body. They decide on burying the body in the back yard. They said it would cause a lot of problems if they contacted the police. They all agreed at this time that killing the trucker was only good for society. After they had buried the trucker they all sat down and the... ...dents drink and they all die. Nicola Machiavelli had a very interesting theory about his belief in having power, "By any means necessary." That is exactly what these liberal students did in order for them to have happiness. I think that in society most of us try to follow the Machiavellian theory on trying to do anything and everything possible in order for ourselves to survive. Machiavelli hoped that, "by helping the Prince rule more effectively, he might help Italy achieve the greatness he hoped for." Machiavelli believed that he didn't need to be appointed leader to run things in Italy back then. These student are the same, they believed that through killing off these few people that they thought were a danger to society, that it was going to make a difference in our government. Maybe it's a good thing that Machiavelli wasn't the actual leader of Italy, because if these five liberal students were leaders of this country we would have nothing but chaos. I think that this film probably would have made more money as a b ook and not a film. Sources Cited Nicola Machiavelli information was located on the Internet at http://rhf.bradley.edu/~liberty/mach.html.

A Reexamination of the War in Kosovo Essay

The Clinton Administration, along with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), was not completely effective in both identifying the concrete objectives relating to the Kosovo conflict and applying the military resources that were available to resolve that conflict. There are many reasons for this behind this inefficiency. First, there was the general reluctance to get involved in the conflict, for more or less political reasons. Second, there was the constant infighting and territorial battles being waged within the military structure. Third, there was the heavy need to manage media perception, which was perhaps absent in past wars. Lastly, there was the weakness of the military capability itself, most especially in terms of fighting a war under different weather conditions. The Four Factors The first factor that hampered the efficient execution of the war in Kosovo was the general reluctance of American leaders, both civilian and military, to get involved in the first place. There was a widespread feeling that it was not the time for America to be intervening actively in the affairs of a relatively small and unimportant state in Eastern Europe. After all, what was there to be gained by implementing interventionist policies there? Back then, as now, the focus of many political and military planners was Israel and the Middle East, the hotbed of the world; perpetually in crisis. But there was at least a solid rationale for that preoccupation – the Middle East was by far the largest supplier of oil in the world, and stability there was important to the energy supply and thus the overall growth of the U. S. economy. But what was to be gained in Kosovo, especially since much risk was to be undertaken in terms of the country’s resources, as well as its prestige? American had failed to intervene in Rwanda and had been forced to a humiliating retreat in Somalia, and those bitter memories were still fresh in the minds of most Americans. In the Rwandan genocide, America drew heavy criticism from its allies and the world at large for its inaction; in Somalia, America drew derision for its decision to pull out prematurely. Both the political and military establishments suffered from these events, and they understandably wanted to avoid a similar occurrence from happening again. Getting involved in war in which there seemed so little to gain was anathema to many leaders at the time. The constant infighting within the American military and within NATO was the second factor that hampered the Kosovo operations. General Clark detailed many examples of his daily battles with his civilian superiors, as well as his peers from within the military establishment. These incidents, quite obviously, detracted from the efficiency of the operations themselves. For instance, the example of how the some senior staff generals with political access prevented the effective use of Apache helicopters provides a sickening image of how generals on the ground can be obstructed by those who wield political power. The constant fear that other conflicts might erupt in the Persian Gulf and the Korean Peninsula was also an albatross that hung heavily over the collective necks of those involved in the Kosovo war. Allowing these fears to detract from the efficient prosecution of the war could have led to disaster under certain circumstances. The lack of cooperation was not limited to within the American military itself, but in NATO as well. Commanders of other nations were known to disobey Clark’s commands if these orders were interpreted as not being conducive to their respective strategic national interests. Yet, in a way, this was the least of Clark’s problems, for the other allied nations played a lesser role in the conflict in comparison with the U. S. , with the possible exception of Great Britain. It was the problems caused by infighting within the army, as well as disagreements with Washington, that made General Clark’s tenure as SACEUR truly difficult. This perhaps can be attributed to the reality that political objectives and military objectives are rarely one and the same, and the fact that military leaders at the highest levels are rarely apolitical. The greater role played by the media in American wars was also in full-display during the Kosovo conflict. Ever since the Vietnam War, the U. S. had shown a marked distaste for any number of war casualties (This had driven its research into unmanned and â€Å"smart† technologies. ) So much so, in fact, that the enemies of America had long viewed this is as the primary weakness of the nation’s military power. Indeed, this weakness has provided the most basic strategy of terrorist organizations today. They know for a fact that in terms of raw military strength, they are inferior to the United States. Thus, if they ever come under direct attack by the U. S. , their chances of victory are slim. But if they can inflict just enough casualties (usually through guerilla tactics) and have it broadcast over the broadcast media in dramatic fashion, then public opinion might force U. S. forces to withdraw, as was the case in Vietnam. It was under this same hope that Saddam Hussein stood defiant against the United States in the last Iraq War. Lastly, there was the weakness within the military itself, especially in terms of being an all-terrain, all-weather capable fighting force. Many instances within the book and numerous statements made by General Clark point to the fact that the U. S. military is by no means an effective, â€Å"all-weather conditions† army. In fact, it seems as if the attainment of this goal is still a long way off, as has perhaps been underscored more recently by some of the maintenance problems encountered in Iraq. Also, high levels of weapon technology have brought with them their own special set of problems, which could not have been foreseen but nevertheless need to be addressed as soon as possible. These include, among others, the gathering and timely application of intelligence in order to use these weapons to their maximum effect. A lack of cross-understanding between the various military units also contributes to military weakness. In his concluding remarks in Waging Modern War, General Clark says this: In Kosovo my commanders and I found that we lacked the detailed prompt information to campaign effectively against the Serb ground forces. Most of the technologies we had been promoting since the Gulf War were still immature, unable to deal with the vagaries of weather, vegetation, and urban areas, or the limitations of bandwidth and airspace. The discrete service programs didn’t always fit together technically†¦The officers who operated the programs were not qualified to work across service lines and did not understand the full range of national capabilities. I worried about the nature of Joint skills even among senior officers. Of course, notwithstanding these four factors, the war was brought to a successful conclusion – â€Å"successful† meaning that the combat operations against the forces of Slobodan Milosevic proved effective enough to topple the regime of that ruler, and thereby remove the impetus to the racial killings in that region. However, whether or not America achieved its true aims in the Balkans is more open to question, if indeed the Clinton Administration had a clear vision of what those aims were in the first place. The costs of that conflict, both tangible and intangible, must also be analyzed in order to avoid similar mistakes in the future. An Analysis of the Feasibility, Acceptability, and Suitability of the Military Action in Kosovo The concept of feasibility closely ties in to the question â€Å"Can it be done? † With the benefit of hindsight, we might say with complete assurance that yes, the military action undertaken in Kosovo was feasible. However, even without this particular benefit, the question of feasibility still would have been answered in the affirmative. There was perhaps no other military force in the world that could have undertaken the mission in Kosovo, and done so with success. Even before the campaign began, it was almost a forgone conclusion that American forces would prevail. It was only a matter of time, and though unforeseen setbacks would occur along the way, no one truly doubted the ultimate result. Addressing the question of acceptability is a little more complex, but may also be answered in the affirmative. At the time of the conflict, world opinion was crying out for America to do something about the killings under Milosevic. In many ways, the various nations comprising NATO and the U. N. pushed the U. S. into action. Internationally then, military action in Kosovo was acceptable – some might even say it was warranted, due to the role of the U. S. as the global policeman. The war was costly – what war isn’t? – but it gained for the U. S. a level of prestige and credibility that it very much needed after some decidedly embarrassing political problems. The effectiveness of the air campaign and General Clark’s own philosophy of waging war (which de-emphasizes the use of ground troops) resulted in fewer casualties than might otherwise have been expected. This in itself was a potent testimony to American power and a reaffirmation of the high reputation already earned by the American military in the 1991 Gulf War. If the goal in Kosovo was to stop the genocidal killings and bring Slobodan Milosevic to justice, then we can honestly say that military action was suitable. Some pundits may argue that diplomacy would have been a better choice, but they must be reminded that diplomatic methods were tried before any full-scale operations were conducted – and diplomacy failed. With a hard-boiled tyrant such as Milosevic, who deliberately released wave upon wave of racial hate upon his own country, diplomacy could not possibly have a great effect. Even if diplomatic channels could have been used to stop the killings – and this is doubtful – they would have taken far too long to mobilize and would have probably ended up with little to show for it. Conclusion Despite many problems that were unforeseen (and perhaps unavoidable), the military action in Kosovo ended up attaining its major objectives. Still, the operation could have gone better, and more smoothly. In the future, if similar circumstances should come up, both political and military planners would do well to review the lessons learned in this conflict. First, a good amount of political will should be present, and directed at a clear set of pre-defined goals. Second, bickering and infighting within the military should be checked, reduced, and if possible eliminated. Third, all leaders involved in a conflict should be aware of how to manage media perceptions, especially in terms of obtaining continuing public support. Lastly, the capability of the military to wage war under all conditions should be improved and made the top priority of defense spending. When these four factors are improved to their various degrees, then the prosecution of future wars will decidedly become more efficient and effective.

Maps in Your Mind Essay

Reasons for Tolman to carry out the study were to demonstrate that complex internal cognitive activity could be studied in rats, not only in humans, and that these mental processes could be studied without the necessity of observing them directly. The theoretical propositions which this research is based on were two 2 modifications to the prevailing view that Tolman proposed. One was that the true nature and complexity of learning could not be fully understood without an examination of the internal mental processes that accompany the observable stimuli and responses. The second was that even though internal cognitive processes could not be directly observed, they could be objectively and scientifically inferred from observable behavior. The method Tolman used were two studies which clearly demonstra6ted his theoretical propositions. The first was called â€Å"The Latent Learning† experiment, where rats were divided into 3 groups. The first of the 3 groups was Group C, control group, which was exposed to a complex maze using the standard procedure of one run through the maze each day with a food reward at the end of the maze. Second was Group N, received no reward, which was exposed to the maze for the same amount of time each day but found no food and received no reward for any behavior in the maze. Last was Group D, received a delayed reward, which was treated exactly like group N for the first 10 days of the study, but then on day 11 and the remainder of the experiment found food at the end of the maze. The results to the first study were that the rats in groups N and D did not learn much of anything about the maze when they were not receiving any reward for running through the maze. Group C rats learned the maze to near-perfection in about two weeks. But rats in Group D had found out a reason to run the maze and that was food. They had learned the maze in about 3 days (day 11 to day 13). The only possible explanation for these findings was that during those 10 days when the rats were wandering around in the maze, they were learning much more about the maze than they were showing. Tolman explained â€Å"Once they knew they were to get food, they demonstrated that during the preceding non-reward trials, they had learned where many of the blinds were. They had been building up a map and could utilize it as soon as they were motivated to do so.† Now the second study was called â€Å"Spatial Orientation† experiment. This experiment was designed to show that rats trained in a maze actually know the location of the food reward relative to their starting position even if the elements of the maze are changed, or even removed. First rats learned to run the simple maze, where they entered the maze at the start, then run across a round table and into the path leading to the food at the end. This was a relatively simple maze and no problem for the rats and learned it to near perfection in 12 trials. The maze was changed into a sunburst pattern, now when the rats tried their usual rout they found it blocked and returned to the round table. There the rats had a choice of 12 possible alternate paths to try to get to where the food had been in the previous maze. Results for the second study showed that the rats had frequently chose path 6, which ran about 4 inches from where the food had been placed in the previous maze. Here, Tolman was expanding his theory beyond the notion that rats, and potentially other organisms including humans, produce cognitive maps of the route from point A to point Z. He was demonstrating that the maps that are produced are not mere strip maps represented as A to B to C and so on, to Z, but are much broader, comprehensive or conceptual maps that give organisms a cognitive lay of the land. The significance of Tolman’s study was that Tolman theorized that comprehensive maps of our social environment are advantageous to humans, while narrow; strip like maps can lead to negative human conditions such as mental illness or prejudice and discrimination. His reasoning was based on findings related to the studies described earlier indicating that when rats were over motivated or over frustrated they tended to develop very narrow maps and were less likely to acquire the comprehensive cognitive mapping skills of the rats described in his studies.

buy custom Public International Law essay

buy custom Public International Law essay Over the past decades, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) has implicated itself in numerous conflicts across the globe with the endeavor of offering practicable solutions to inherent political upheavals. The present conflicts in Libya and the on going militant aggressions in parts of the Middle East are a few areas in which the world has witnessed its attachment. However, despite its efforts of promoting global peaceful coexistence amid nations, it has, in numerous occasions, faced criticisms for its way of handling crucial instances of human rights violations. This write up examines the powers of the United Nations Security Council with greater emphasis on the problematic issue of expanding its peacekeeping remit. The paper focuses on the motivational reasons behind its formation at the done of the second global conflict, its objectives, powers and failures in addressing it prime objectives. The United Nations Security Council is the key U.N appendage tasked with the principal objective of fostering international peace and security. It has a foundation that dates back to1946 at the done of the Second World War. Crisell (2007) reiterates that the formation of the United Nations Security Council emanated as a consequences of the second global conflict. The need for global tranquility possible to propagate the fittingly desirable economic expansion acted as a motivation for its conception. The institute, formed to exemplify the benefits of coexistence and global peace among nations, aimed to promote peace in nations across the globe and act to avoid the consequences of another global confrontation. De Wet (2004, p.123) denotes that since its formation, the organization has faced shores of criticism including its handling of global conflicts and the handling of groupings accused of violating human rights across the world. Similarly, De Wet (2004) observes that many have over the years viewed it as a stage for holding international baseless talks. Nonetheless, she is indicative of the certain areas that it has excelled by restoring peace through introduction of fiscal sanctions on belligerent and dictatorial regimes. The institute is the most authoritative unit of the United Nations organization. It comprises representatives from fifteen nations with two categories of membership. A clique of members is termed permanent as they enjoy unending membership to the union (Vanhulle, 2009). At the onset of the entity, the organization had five permanent members, who were the victors of the second global conflict. The list included the United Kingdom, Taiwan, the USSR and France. Over the years, a revision of the initial group has resulted in the inclusion of the peoples republic of China as a replacement for Taiwan in 1973. Similarly, following the crumble of the USSR, Russia assumed the ensuing available position in 1991. Currently, the five nations comprising the special body include China, United Kingdom, Russia, States and France (Hurd, 2008). According to Hurd (2008, p. 242), the other ten members have an impermanent association that expires every two years. Their election is on the basis of their geographical location and regional memberships across the globe. The regional groups do the proposition of these members before an approval by the U.Ns general assembly. Similarly, all the members of the entity are members of regional groupings. Such groupings include the African collection, The Latin America and Caribbean cluster, The Asian set, The Eastern Europe group and the western European assembly and other assemblies while the U.S.A is a stand alone entity. Each individual groups contribution to the membership of the Security Council follows a predetermined allocation as follows. Africa proposes three members, Western Europe and other members contribute two associates, and Latin America and Caribbean add two, Asia two members while the Eastern Europe contributes the remaining one member (Hurd 2008, p. 242). The composition of the permanent membership has over the decades raised criticism with nations like India, Japan, Germany and Brazil seeking its expansion to include twenty five nations (Crisell 2007). De Wet (2004, p. 12) denotes that, the expansion of the Security Council requires an approval by about two thirds of the overall U.Ns general assembly. Reportedly, the presidency of the council is a rotational activity among member countries based on the alphabetical order of their English names and lasts about one month. Each member of the Security Council must maintain a representative at all times within reach of the U.N headquarters in New York City to facilitate decision making in the event of an emergency. Hurd (2008, p. 29) outlines the functions of the UNSC as to foster international peace and security in line with the guidelines of the UNs propositions. It is bestowed the task of investigating disputes and events that may lead to a misunderstanding amid nations and report to the UN recommendations of dealing with such acts. Similarly, it impress on members to adopt non forceful means of dispute resolution such as economic sanctions to avert possible aggressions among nations, take forceful action against aggressive nations. Lastly, they participate in the formulation of strategies that aim at regulation of armaments. Hurd (2008, p.31) indicates that the council has the advisory function in the admission of novel members. UNSC Veto Power The major difference amid the provisional and undeviating membership of the UNSC is the veto power exhibited by the permanent members. De Wet (2004, p. 124) observes that this unlimited power exhibited by the five permanent member nations affords them the ability to shut down any scheme championed by member nations irrespective of the extent of support the scheme enjoys within the international community. The exercise of this power is evident when a disgruntled permanent member casts a negated vote on a significant draft resolution. According to Hurd (2008, p. 35), veto power had its foundations in the foregone league of nations back in the nineteen twenties. The presence of up to fifteen members with veto power made decisions impossible to make. Each member could easily shut down any unfriendly ideas proposed in the leagues sessions. At the conception of the UNSC, nations sort to establish a similar right as this appeared favorable in the protection of each member states sovereignty, national rights and interests. Additionally, the benefits principle powers of the globe acting, as one in the solution of a global situation was apparently favorable to the chiefcountries (Hurd 2008). It is evident from this preposition that the idea behind the UNSC establishment was to serve the self interests of the world superpowers right from the beginning. The need to establish the veto was to minimize conflicts a mid the powerful nations by ensuring the presence of an agreement on major issues. Additionally, it ensured that the UN had deficient capacity to issue directives that jeopardized any future actions by any of its founding members. However, it addressed the issue of bringing all the major powers together. Apparently, this had contributed to the breakup of the previous League of Nations, evident in the expulsion of the USSR 1939 (Hurd 2008). According to Vanhulle (2009), the provisions for Veto powers have their basis in chapter five of the charter of the United Nations and defined by article 27. Since its inception, the principle of Veto has severally found applications in the functions of the UNSC and has formed a core factor in decisions made in the execution of its duties. Hurd (2008) reports that, over the decade, the number of resolutions vetoed had continuously increased reaching 215 by the year 2009. Reportedly, the cold war era saw a wide use of the principle reaching a maximum of five vetoes per year. However, the past decade has witnessed a considerable decline in vetoes equaling an approximate one veto a year. Observably, the use of the veto has over the years reflected the ambassadorial stand of the vetoing nation on issues deemed sensitive to its national principles. The trepidation of the veto by permanent members of the UNSC has seen modest involvement of these members of the UNSC in international confrontations in which a colleague is involved. This was evident in the Vietnam hostilities of 1979, the Afghan war of 1979, Iraq conflict of 2003 and Georgian war of 2008 (Hurd2008). In all the above mentioned conflicts, there was massive abuse of human rights. The conflicts meant to serve personal interests of the involved nations. The individuals who suffered the consequences of the ensued military aggressions did not deserve the levels suffering to which they were exposed. The inherent fear by the UNSC to act in all these accounts discredits its principle objective of subverting human suffering through the establishment of mediation among the wrangling nations. These actions serve to confirm the already established view that the UNSC only acts to serve its interests (Hurd2008). Crisell (2007) denotes that while the lack of action by the UNSC was in some cases attributable to fear of the veto, certain cases they failed to upon owing to sheer lack of interest. Iran Iraq conflict of 1980- 1986 and the recent Darfur conflict of 2003are excellent instances in which despite the knowledge of the conflict, the UNSC simply failed to act. It is equally vital to put into perspective the recent Afghanistan and Iraqi wars in the critical investigation of the roles of the UNSC. UNSC and Its handling of Global Diplomatic and Political Issues Vanhulle (2009) observes that the United Nations has over 100000 peace keeping troops and staff around the globe. However, incidences warranting the use of these peace keepers to avert possible human suffering have occurred without any intervention from the intentional peace keepers. Crisell (2007) denotes that the issue of peace keeping is a function of the UN executed by the UNSC. Such discriminatory acts are a reflection of the general perception of the council about the stirring events. The discriminatory way of handling diplomatic and political issues is evident in the 1994s Rwandan Genocide. Crisell (2007) observes that Rwanda was a poor country deficient in natural minerals and dismal economic impacts to stir the thoughts of the UNSC. Furthermore, by 1994, they had limited political influence across the Africa continent to influence any interests of the permanent five. The ensuing political wrangling saw the deaths of over a million people. Vanhulle (2009) reports that the UNSC were well informed about the ongoing tribal cleansing but did extremely petite to rescue the situation. Reportedly, there was an inherent unwillingness among the fifteen member nations to send troops. According to Vanhulle (2009), there was no sufficient influence to rescue the situation. Another case denoting the UNSCs inability to mediate in conflicts is the 2003s Darfur situation. Reportedly, the Sudanese government allegedly sponsored a group of militias called Janjaweed to commit acts of human rights violations to the indigenous Darfur population. The ensuing acts of racial cleansing and genocide left scores dead while a significant number of the remaining populace suffered from rape and extensive body mutilations. Vanhulle (2009) denotes that the intelligence concerning such actions reached the UNSC but they remained unresponsive and did little to alleviate their suffering. After numerous media reports, the UN through the African union assembled a small team to provide the necessary peace. However, the force lacked vital equipments and logistics to duly execute its duties. The troops were few and lacked proper preparation in handling the fastidious difficulty (Vanhulle 2009). According to Vanhulle (2009), there is a general fear by any of the permanent five to involve itself in such activities. According to Vanhulle (2009), such direct involvement is indicative of permanent nations potential interest in such area. This is indicative of the little significance of these nations to the overall global agenda. Developing countries with poorly trained solders and murky influence on the Security Council are compelled to commit soldiers to such areas. With insufficient training and equipments like choppers to execute their duties, they realized mixed achievements. Reportedly, only after an intensive media campaigns did a few of the permanent five unenthusiastically sent soldiers to the Darfur region. While these events, especially in the African continent, left the African UNSC ambassadors bitter, no official complaints fearing feasible political repercussions. Contrastingly, when Iraq invaded Kuwait, there was a swift rejoinder from United States of America. Vanhulle (2009) attributes this to huge petroleum deposits Kuwait had at the time of the Iraqi invasion. As a one of the major exporter of oil to the U.S, the super power moved in alacrity to sabotage the attack. Crisell (2007) observes that, interestingly, no other member of the permanent five acted in any way to mediate in the conflict. This is attributtable to the fear of future repercussions of such actions such as vetoing resolutions fronted by a member of the permanent five. According to Hurd (2008, p. 126), the UN failed despondently in handling the cold war. Discussions on the issue by the UNSC were mugging debates that made little steps in unraveling the underlying problem. The UN failed to address the progressive armaments and development nuclear bombs. Hurd (2008) denotes that the present regulations and laws were lacking an appropriate implementation scheme that could compel the abolishment of the war. Similarly, the UNSC has failed to offer an enduring elucidation to the progressive Israeli Arab conflict. Hurd (2008) denotes that over the years, the Middle East issue has occupied massive debating time in UNs sessions but, over the decades, the persistent deliberations have yielded exceedingly gloomy results. Hurd (2008) observes that over the decades, Israel has faced unwarranted criticism from the members of the UNSC. Numerous UN resolutions passed over the past decades portrays Israel as culpable for the numerous incidences of human rights violation across the Middle East. However, there exists known massive human rights violation witnessed in countries like china and Russia that are unmentioned yet these nations are permanent members of the UNSC. Hurd (2008) notes that such discriminatory and biased reporting characterizes many resolutions past in the last decades aimed at curbing the Israeli influence. According to Crisell 2007, over the past decades, the U.N has appeared to support militant groups with close association to terrorist groups. During the Israeli invasion of Uganda in 1976 to rescue Israeli civilians, there reports within the U.N circles condemning Israels lack of respect to Ugandan sovereignty. This stand was disturbing noting that Israeli civilians were captives under Palestine militants who received support from the Ugandan Government. Similarly, Crisell (2007) takes note of the anti-Semitic abuses directed at Israelites in the recent past at global events aimed at ironing out issues of the Middle East conflict. UNSC and Moral disparagement According to Crisell (2007), past leaders of the organization, have aced to point out mistakes the organization has found itself in over the past years. Notable is a former ambassador to the UN, Dore in his book, alleged that the organization has over the years lost its moral clarity upon which it was created. Crisell (2007) notes that the UNSC preaches democracy and uplifting and respecting human rights while at the same time accepts members reputed for massive violation of theses rights. These vies have acted to add to the growing perception that the UN is a club of rigid traditionalist concerned with championing individual rights and interests. Crisell (2007) denotes another moral upheaval in regard to the influence the UNSC have on subsidiary UN organs like the United Nations population funds, UNPF. Reportedly, religious groupings have over the decades single out this UN organ as an avenue for channeling funds for forced abortions. Similarly, wrangles have emerged amid the permanent five over the control of the various funding organs within the UN. UNSC and Administrative disparagement Hurd (2008) recognizes that the permanent members of the UNSC have coined themselves a hub that permits unchecked powers of individual state. This is evident in the nuclear power capability of all the permanent members. It lacks a clear cut global representation of the member countries. This has persistently raised issues and led to other up coming member states questioning its commitment to global peace and stability (Hurd 2008, p. 165). There are persistent qualms with the term and conditions of service of the temporary member states. They persistently fight to have nations with no nuclear capacity involved in the permanent membership. Vanhulle (2009) denotes that it is discriminative to lock out member states deficient in nuclear technology out of the UNSC. They argue that, they represent a huge fraction of the global populace and thus deserves be heard. The act of private meetings among the Permanent members before presenting their agreements to the overall UN council is termed dictatorial. Vanhulle (2009) denotes that such acts have persistently infuriated members of the UN council as they see it as an act that undermines their authority. Reforms at the UNSC Vanhulle (2009) denotes that the key to an overall change to the UN and its various organs is dependant on the possibility of altering the veto power of the permanent members. Hurd (2008) indicates that, while member states find the veto power disturbing and unnecessary, it is significant in ensuring a balance of power amid the global superpowers. It aids in keeping in check, the actions one powerful nation through the isolation of its proposed resolutions. Vanhulle (2009) denotes that the removal of the permanent five is essentially impossible. He points at the article 108 and 109 of the UN charter that gives the unilateral power to the Permanent five over the decision on the amendments of the UN charter. Seemingly, this is practically, impossible, as no nation would willingly surrender such amount of power (Vanhulle 2009). De Wet (2004) denotes the UN general assemblys resolution 377 as a possible avenue for amending the permanent five hold on global power. The resolution which explains that in the event of failure by the UNSC to act in maintenance of peace and security owing to a veto by one of the permanent five, then the general assembly is liable to take up the matter. This it will do under the auspice of emergency special session warranting it to requests for unscheduled meetings. Such meetings do not recognize the respective members veto powers and thus provides opportunity for implementing changes. Conclusion In the contemporary society, any institution persistently facing unanswered inquisitions about its legitimacy stands to crumble if those inquisitions fail to get a satisfactory and optimum answer. The emergence of such intentional organizations is in response to the rigidity inherent in organizations like the UN. The emerging economic superpowers like India and Brazil needs an avenue through which to address critical issues affecting their interest and the interest of their partners. The UN with its rigid UNSC has failed to address this quandary. Buy custom Public International Law essay